Econ extra credit

The family constellation, or structure of the family, the relationships within the family, and the characteristics of the individual(a) fryren all concussion cognate relationships. Family constellation refers to the number and sex of the adults and children including the kin bon ton, type of relationship (biological, adopted, stepp bent or sibling), period, and spacing of the children. Although all relationships in the family ar important, the p bent-child relationships m other the greatest impact on sibling relationships.Individual differences among siblings also impact their relationships. When children are younger, temperament is important in sibling relationships but for one condemnation(a) children, relationships are influenced by their personality and social and cognitive skills. Family life varies greatly and many factors influence the outcome for children. Birth Order The relationship amid throw order and an individuals personality has been debated since Alfred Adler (1928) described specific characteristics of children according to their take over order. He also coined the phrase sibling argument. Although a number of factors preserve the outcomes for children, many authorities believe that hildrens parentage order plays a finicky role in their destiny. Firstborn Children Firstborn children, who are often surrogates for their parents as caregivers, teachers, and models, enjoy a greater locating/power position in relationship to their younger siblings. This difference becomes much pronounced as the age gap increases for at least up to four years. In childrens eyes, status/power is conferred close to heavily on the eldest son (Furman and Buhremester, 1985).Older girls are to a greater extent often good teachers and nurturers for younger children (Cirirelli, 1972). Older boys, on the different and, tend to be better stimulators and models (Cirirelli, 1972). The oldest sibling feels to a greater extent(prenominal) rivalry e precisep lace the birth of the second child than other birth orders do toward a spic-and-span baby. This is because the firstborn has had the full attention of parents and now has to portion their propelions. The inauspicious effects of this dethronement can be modified if parents prepare the old child for the changes and give her or him supererogatory attention after the new baby arrives.In this case, the older sibling often becomes protective of the new family ingredient (Adler, 1928 Teti, Sakin, Kucera, Corns, and Eiden, 1996). Firstborn children tend to have distinct personality traits. Many studies cast these children as to a greater extent adultlike, achievement-oriented, verbal, conservative, controlling of subordinates, and displaying a high self-concept, but more anxious and slight popular with peers than children born later (Lahey, Hammer, Crumrine, and Forehand, 1980 ZaJonc, 1983). Success seems to receive firstborn children. Many firstborns show leadership qualities. A lfred Adler said firstborns were in a to be more clever (1928).In studies as early as Galtons slope Men of Science (1874), disproportionate numbers of firstborns have achieved eminence. A higher percentage of firstborn children have become scientists, professors, presidents, Rhodes scholars, and astronauts. More firstborns have been finalists in the National Merit Scholarship tests compared to any other birth order (Muzi, 2000). This advantage may be explained by the fact that firstborns have all adults for language models and social interactions in the most formative period sequence their siblings are influenced by their predecessors in the family.Only Children It is not surprising that only children have many of the characteristics of firstborns with siblings (Falbo and Polit, 1986). Their relationship tc their parents is similar and both are responsive to adults. Parents provide an adul intellectual surroundings for these children. In the case of the only child, this enviro nment remains unchanged by the presence of younger children. Although both groups go by other birth orders in intellectual and academic achievements, only children, as a group, score higher than other firstborns.They also complete near three additional years of schooling, achieve higher occupational prestige, and realize more money than firstborn children with siblings (Blake, 1989 Falbo, 1984 Falbo and Polit, 1986). However, a check on birth order by Steelman and Powell (1985) shows no correlation between birth order and academic success. Only children miss the experiences of sibling relationships and of having to share their parents with siblings. However, the classify of only children as more lonely, selfish, spoiled, and maladjusted than children with siblings is not true. A study of only children placed them into three groups.Some were normal and well adjusted, others were impulsive and playacting out, and others were similar to the stereotype of only children (Rosenberg and Hyde, 1993). Middle Children Middle children are more sociable and harder to classify than the firstborns. They are sometimes called the overlooked child. It is more heavy to be the middle child when all siblings are of the same gender. If second-born children are closer in age to the oldest, they tend to take on some of these characteristics. This is especially true when the second-born is the oldest girl in a large family.On the other hand, middle children tend to be little adaptive to parental values, possibly because they want to avoid competition with the older child. Because firstborn children mirror their arents in searching for their identity, middle children turn to peers, often adopting some of their values. In line to the first-born the middle child may be more friendly, cheerful, placid, and less careful with lower self-esteem. According to Adler (1928), the middle child is ambitious, rebellious, envious, and better adjusted than every the first born or the yo ungest child.Youngest Child When growing up, the youngest child is humbleer, weaker, less knowledgeable, and less competent compared to older siblings, and often turns to attention-seeking. At a very arly age, the youngest are more outgoing, exploring toys, making responses to people, and initiating more play with strangers. Youngest children are significantly more successful socially than other birth orders (Steelman and Powell, 1985). The younger or youngest sibling is more dependent on others for help.Their dependency, however, deprives them of status/power and may lower their self- Most children are born within deuce or three years of the last siblings birth (Dunn 1995). Spacing of less than two years or phoebe bird or more years is in force(p) for the childs adjustment to a new sibling (Dunn, 1995 Tet, et al. 1996). A child infra age two cannot realize all the implications of another sibling to their special position. In addition, young children closely spaced spend more time together than with their parents during these years and learn to record each other close Gaffe, 1997).After age two, resentment and rivalry increase until children reach age five or six. By this time their world outside the family has expanded and they are better able to cope with and/ or avoid some of these feelings (Dunn, 1995). all in all children, including the newborn, benefit from larger intervals between births. Parents have time to give them more individual attention. Age differences, gender, and the ages of children in the family account for differences in the quality of their sibling relationships. Younger siblings admire most their siblings who are four or more years older.As already mentioned, the warmth-closeness characteristic appears greater between same-gender siblings and increases with the closeness of their ages. (Furman and Buhremester, 1985). On the other hand, conflict and competition are also more bad when siblings are close in age and, particularly, the same gender. Sibling ivalry is most intense in the early years and diminishes, at least on the conscious level, as siblings approach maturity. Family Size There are differences in growing up in a small family (one or two children) as opposed to a large family (over four children).The larger the family, the greater is the number of relationships for a child to experience, which can be enriching or frustrative or both. Discipline in large families is more rule oriented, less individualized and there is more corporal punishment (Wagner, Schubert, and Schubert, 1985). Children in small families have fewer experiences in relationships ut do have more individual time with their parents. According to some studies, they also have fairly higher test scores, more schooling, and achieve more academically and in their occupation than children from large families (Blake, 1989 Hauser and Sewell, 1985).Parent-Child Relationships The quality of the relationship between each child and parent an d between parents affects the sibling relationships. Parents who are constructively responsive to their children foster good feelings and cooperative behavior among their children (Furman, 1995 Bryant and Crockenberg, 1980). In homes where fathers are affectionate and assistive there are more positive sibling interactions. On the other hand, conflict between mother and each child is associated with increased sibling conflicts (Volling and Belsky,J. 1992). The childs temperament, sex, health, or hereditary traits also affect sibling relationships.Parents sometimes understand one child better than another. The childs temperament gender, health, or hereditary traits affect this relationship. When children perceive parental partiality, it increases feelings of competition, conflict, and Jealousy among siblings. Most children believe that their parent has a favorite child, which may not be true (Zervas and Sherman, 1994). Sibling rivalry is a normal emotion growing out of the need to s hare biological and affectional ties of the two most important people in a childs world, his or her parents. When a baby comes along, a childs world changes greatly.