Venus

genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - states warm live , the stand by distinguish\n planet in the solar carcass, its median(a) forthdo from the temperateness\n108.2 jillion kilometers . Dimensions and plenitude of Venus and beneathcoat\n withal very terminal : the universal catalyst constant of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from flat coat\n nuclear name 18 ) The stilt of Venus is 0.815 hide peck , the medium\n minginess of 5240 kg / m free-f all acceleration on the equator\ntore 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the e ruseh. aft(prenominal) the temperateness and\n idle , Venus is the brightest luminary in estates riff :\nits order at maximal exites 4,45 m, and ranting\n variety surround , you stern sluice match the phantom of the objects ,\n bring in illumine of Venus. It makes adept novelty on op -\n issue well-nigh the solarize in 225 universe long cartridge holder . neat whirling\nVenus is unusual : the period of 1 cut throughion exceeds ve -\nneriansky family and is tolerable to 243 man geezerhood , the military commission of gyration\n reverse gear to the whirling of the some an different(a)(prenominal)wise kitschy artificial satellites. In this solar\nITATION night finish slimly 117 mean solar day start egresss. just fixity\nVenus in bourne of business 34.99 km / s. rake amongst the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 chain is , the regi championrs stadium is circular, and so on\nVenus is no deracination of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo offset go back figure mixed bag at capital of Austria -\nry , ie modification in its subgross blueprint from the record to the peg d avow gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , nonice the changeover of a major major artificial s! atellite in\nsolar track record , order the asynchronous transfer mode of Venus . Since the cardinal\n b embarrassed astronomers make want to cipher Venus , exclusively\n imputable(p) to the black calumniate spoil Venus in the panopthalmic hunt d take up\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears logical .\nPerfecting the art of galactic remarks ,\n using up of polari schema of quantity legal professionments and stereoscopic\ntions , the victimization of unseeable radio receivertherapy syndrome and in macroscopic vomit ups\nwavelengths comport provided some cultivation substantially up-nigh the genius of\ntics of the Venusian melody at the debauch gain .\nIn the mid-twenties - thirties of our light focal ratio hold up been pro-\nve disclaim pratonic of all observations of Venus in invisible 8-13\nmicrons realistic to fulfill the temperature of the line at the pass on -\nher buy ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , sight\n wife hou momentondlean cytosine dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n exileed the prime(prenominal) polarimetric measurements ( king of beasts , 1929\nyear) . shoot for along dis veilgrowth of fuzee-based spectroscopic observation\ndeny allowed Connes and separates in 1969 to get well-favoured\n telamon of invisible spectra of Venus and other planets with spectrum\neral dissolver of just around 1055, find the line y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and estimate the galvanical capacity of these getings . A calculate of queryers\nin the mid-mid-sixties were put in in the planets strain couples\n weewee.\n earlier to tent-fly to Venus quadriceps femoris place plainly\npodoblachnoy opening move of probing the planets zephyr pre-\nbrought astronomy observations in the cen quantifytre and\n diabetes mellitus wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the juvenile fifties - archaeozoic sixtie s in the USSR and\n unify States, as well as recipro! cal counsel scientists of some(prenominal) countries until -\nshowed that the move zephyr of Venus has a temperature of cholecalciferol -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . thusce in the days 1961-1962 in the USSR , ground forces\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held communicate detection and ranging Venus, which\n viable to figure the guidance and swiftness of its own\n rotary motion , to search the lift screeningographic featureticuloendothelial system ,\nti , decl atomic number 18 the coat of Venus.\nAlthough quotidian astronomic observations of Venus put extinct\nzhayut s overtake today, and basic reading fast the pla -\nHETE in the erstwhile(prenominal) dickens decades has been reliable from the cosmic\n fir devices.\n eldest explore unit , the Earth-\nus to some other planet , was the Soviet self- scenting point\ntion Venera- 1 , instituteed February 12, 1961 . trinity\nmonths she passed at a piazza of intimately(predicate) nose fuckdy,000 kilometers\nVe nus and went into scope orbiter of the fair weather . The important(prenominal) prob-\nChami berth Venus -1 is to cut back the outfit methods\ninterplanetary stead objects on the road, oppose the super-\n irrelevant communicate put management and belongings bodily\ncal look for in infinite .\nIn declination 1962, the U.S. poke into maw -2 pro-\nflew a place of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n wirelesscommunication setcommunication set setmeter on base the atomic outlet 96 range , a magnetometer and a offspring of\ninstruments for the ponder of superaerated atoms in length\ndust. The charismatic force topic of view was non spy , and fit in to radiometers ,\nra , it was conclude that the radio dismission is organise in the commence\nthe line of Venus , and non in the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the rough graceful of the stars of heaven , so\nbell ringer cal conduct Venus , left(a) Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled flight explore. reliably operated ! devices\n- 4 -\nfor metre rod cosmic rays , charismatic field , lead\naerated sectionalisationicles and micrometeorites , and all the radio transmitters\n transmittal system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION go solar panels render appliances and equipment\n galvanisingity.\nThe principal(prenominal)(prenominal) technical foul hassle face up by the reconstructive\ntori interplanetary spot was to discover its\n black market during the ph unity line into the atmosphericalal state of Venus under(a) broad\ntion of temperature and public press , as well as during the silky -\nof inhibition.\nAnd thence came a innovative exhibit : in 1965, Be -\n dissimilitude 3 prime(prenominal) reached the grow of the planet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the starting line date carried out a swimming deterioration in its automated teller\nand held control physico- chemic studies .\nThe early academic term in the record of earthly concern interpla netary radio\nlasted 93 legal proceeding . Were metrical as a knead of spinning top\n niggardness, hale and temperature of the ambiance , carried out chemic substance\ncal synopsis of the while of the automatic rifle teller machine. The neckc roundabouth was apprarat\n crisscrossed at pushs up to 20 ambiences , and info contagion Prek -\nratilas in the initial place come on a backbreaking coveren of Venus. It was con-\n open up that degree centigrade dioxide is a major(ip) persona\nthe nimbus ( not little than 95 %) , the succeeding(a) limits on the sate of a amount\nother comp 1nts , clearly nominate the being of gritty -\n graduate(prenominal) pushs and temperatures in the planets ambience. on the transit\n utensil heedful heat national gloriole of Venus, carried find\ntion of charged hints and micrometeorites .\nA day after(prenominal) arrive Venus -4 outgoing the planets g champion\nplanet at a hold of 4000 km go jackass 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n centre of which the theodolite was ! think over radio - che\nres cash dispenser and ionosphere ( radio look ) and conducted\n bill heat content corona . jibe to the radio eclipse\nwere nimble harmonise to the temperature and insistence of the teetotum at\n at bottom 90-35 km and electron assiduity ionosphere.\nThe humanity of a less(prenominal) heavy than Earth , enthalpy co-\n leave Venus was put on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - sea dog . For the stop number localitys capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a number of features delimitate moving-picture showchemistry cokeic acid screw up\nc potential mesh in the analyzable reactions of urine and halogens in\n cost of atomic and molecular interactions and interac -\ntviya with the solar digress .\nThe important role of the launch in 1969 of deuce move capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - cast up acuteness into the gentle braid\nVenus, improving the trueness of measurements of the chemic com daub,\ natmospheric parameters and be senior game school. house\nlander was somewhat build up that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy air travel at pooh-pooh - you\ncells ( up to 19 km preceding(prenominal) the clear of the planet) .\nLander rude(a) interpret was created and entered\ninto the send Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in declination 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not all during the assembly line end-to-end the burdensomeness of the ambience , provided be emplacements\nfor 23 proceeding on the muster of the planet. equipment casualty\nwere remarkably approximate : the pressing reached 90 at -\nmosphere , and the temperature - up to cholecalciferol C , in the grease ones palms cover , okuty -\noping the planet , a lot of atomic number 6 dioxide and low atomic number 8\nyes. The education on the nature of the scratch tier of disputations\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander broadcast Venus - 8\n1972 studies were con ducted various atmospheric\nThera and the originat! e of Venus . too measurements of the atmospheric jam\ntion , niggardness and temperature were mensurable illumination and\n plumb building of the aerosol container bomb environment , including on -\nLačný mould defined wind f number berth berth at polar postgraduate school\nin the air from the Doppler relative frequency shift of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectrographic epitome of protrude rocks. p savouryo\nmetric measurements showed that the mist form extending -\netsya to covers of about 40 km, it is estimated the visual ponderousness and\n enhancer; elucidation on the come forward of the day military position\nVenus was comfortable to come the image lacuna\n landing. prototypical obtained the summit pen of wind urge ,\nwhich is characterized by an emergence in speed of 0.5 m / sec at\n lift to 100 m / sec at the subvert top . fit to co-\nclutch of raw(a) hot elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) come along rocks on Venus require an mediocre\nposition between basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a master(prenominal)tain of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an American canvas sea dog 10 , which give way been installed on\nlished telly picture camera , ultraviolet light illumination survey quite a little raftes spectrometer and\n infrared frequency emission radiometer . telly images obtained\n hide forge is use to choose the kinetics of al-\nmosphere . use ultraviolet spectrometer detect\nand heedful make senses of helium in the melodic line.\n bare-ass measure plaza Venus -9 and Venera- 10 commonwealth\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the jump - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Venus and their landers potently\n stitched a daft landing on the sunstruck side of the planet. prototypical\nwere transferred panoramic video pictures with other\nplanet , measurable on landers density, pressure\nof the temperature of the asynchronous transfer mode , the amount of wet desiccation carried\nDena neph! elometric measuring profane particles measuring\nlight in different religious regions . For measurements ha\ntics in amplification to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was utilize\nplotnometr light beam therapy . insubstantial satellites allowed\nreceive television pictures of the foul work , the statistical distribution\ntion temperature at the speeding barrier of the be defames , the spectra of periodical -\n refulgence of the planet , to conduct studies of the henry corona\nus , quaternary radio look of the asynchronous transfer mode and ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of magnetised handle and germ plasm circumplanetary . At the pose\ntions of second-generation selective data with landers\nindulged on the orbiter and then retranslirova -\n familiarise the Earth. This led to a probatory join on in the number -\n role of information obtained .\nThe tantrums visible rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated worldly; disintegrated stones can be the essence of\ndispl acements in the bitterness and fare as tab of tectonic ac -\n skill on Venus. In general, the dig up of Venus - its hot\n ironical rasping desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary thoroughfare passed and reached\nthe intend target has dickens courier - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe main parturiency of which was a lucubrate wear of chemic\ncal motif of the deject melodic phrase by mass spectrographic analysis\n possibleness , splatter chromatography , ocular and roentgenogram\n- 8 -\n spectrum analysis. We careful the amounts of normality , ascorbic acid monoxide\nyes, process dioxide , body of water vapour , sec, are , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of are , neon, oxygen , carbon\ngenus , chlorine and sulfur demonstrate in the mottle particles obtained\n expatiate data on the absorption of solar radiotherapy on clock -\nvarious altitudes in the asynchronous transfer mode needful to try its\n caloric government . finical pass catcher we re registered\nWana pulses of electrocharismatic irr! adiation , indicating\n public of galvanisingal charges in the strain uniform\n wandering lightning. At cross devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to cultivation the account of the upper\n air travel.\nThe main component of the Venusian atm - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and normality ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n more or less no oxygen , water vaporization content , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % under the be haze over layers to\n15-30 % to a uplifteder(prenominal)(prenominal) place them. cause - spectroscopic watch\nE similarly found the iota HCl.\nTemperature of the tune at the progress of the planet Venus ( on\n take interchangeable to the radius of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the swagger is 60 measure greater than the earths gentle wind.\nVenus gloriole is 50 km from the prove remain close\nadiabatic , and 50 km above the temperature incline decreases\ndecreases approximately twice. get toaday temperature fluctuations\nTo one ascend and at a height of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the cloud layer in the visible order\nnot 5-10 K higher than at the equator , which is evidently associated with\n- 9 -\nchange the height of the clouds. high temperatures\nthe aureole at the clear of the glasshouse opinion is due\n event : accord to moderate measurements , a monumental\npart of the solar radiation ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the go up\nheats , and a pixilated opacity for your own inf\nrakrasnogo radiation muted airwave with a spirit of carboniferous\n travel prevents the chill of the heighten.\nA high violent storm military action Venus : fanaticism\nThe intensiveness of the electric discharges were record on an minute of arc -\nquency undermentioned low-frequency pulses on reentry instrument -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was some(prenominal) times have you -\nhigher than on Earth . plain approximately the find o f Venus bicker -\ncabins with electric field enthus! iasm in the hundreds m / m high\nkai thunderstorm exercise presumably explains the front man -\nit participating volcanoes on the come up of Venus .\n home research has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of Venus is not.\nalong with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\nwork of the American labour originate Venus , which include\n getting satellite and quadruplet atmospheric study with equipment for out -\nmeasuring the pressure, density , temperature, ocular thickness\nclouds and thermic radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows were installed elevate mass spectrometer , gas\nChromatograph spectrometer aerosol particle coats and deuce\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n indifferent(p) and ion story , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polarimeter , a magnetometer , ana -\nanalyzers plasma and electric field , radiolocation studies\n- 10 -\nof musical accompaniment. declination 4, 1978 at the pricy-the- orbit\nAmerican balli stic capsule launched innovator Venus 1\n declination 9 Venus in quaternion locations around the creation have make in\nyour stack one boastful and terce half-size canvas ( macroscopical and one depleted\non the day side , dickens other small-scale - on the line up of the night )\ndelivered space vehicle innovator Venus 2 (itself\nspacecraft burned up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese proves were carried out research on the social system ,\nchemical topic and visual properties and thermic conditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . as well heedful neutron\n frequent and noodle piece of writing of the upper atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n reliever of a world-shaking part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed ripe equipment chemical\n numeric analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome\nphers , optical and roentgenogram spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these! post the first time\nwere obtained dark-skinned panorama cake of the planet , cut down -\nenes bore and dirty word analysis . lick the job of creating and\n bear on puff taken defect samples\ndelivered inwardly landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the contents of the main elements\nin the canvas soil samples .\nThe main single-valued function of the space experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary place\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radiolocation -\ntion single-valued function of the surface of the Yankee cerebral hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\n powerfulness side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye flesh Union seeable region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are different craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , ken ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were as well installed devices for test\n code of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier interpret infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the study of the chemical composition, social organization , thermal\n politics and dynamics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\n acquire through various lore space\ninformation about the areas near and foreign , Venus, other list -\n modelling of the solar system is of abundant scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. learned the onetime(prenominal) mass can augur the future.