What Is Biotechnology And Its Ramification To Breast Cancer

Biotechnology and its Ramification to Breast Cancer According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2014; 236,968 women and 2,141 men in the United States were diagnosed with breast cancer. And 41,211 women and 465 men in the United States died from breast cancer (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2017). That volume of death could have drastically been decreased if the clinicians, physicians, and oncologists utilized the Mammaprint. To understand the way Mammaprint makes a difference we first need to understand breast cancer at different levels. Some ideas we need to know are about the way that breast cancer evolves and utilizes energy, the different biomarkers and genetic makeup of breast cancer, chemotherapeutics†¦show more content†¦Warburg), the standard process in cancer metabolism (Gentric, 2017). We need to consider the significant role of TME, especially CAFs and immune cells, which profoundly participate in the metabolic interplay with neoplastic cells. CAFs and immune cells can collectively adapt to the metabolic needs of cancer cells and thus participate in tumorigenesis. Metabolic balance between all these players also promotes resistance to treatments, including not only the conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy but also the most recent and advanced immunotherapies. Characterizing the mutual metabolic interplay between stromal, immune, and neoplastic cells will likely provide a better understanding of tumor progression and treatment resistance (Gentric, 2017). Biomarkers and Genetic Polymorphism Genome studies have identified about 80 or more genetic variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked with breast cancer risk. Each variant only discreetly alters breast cancer risk; however, together they add large risk data to current risk analysts. Therefore, when added to traditional risk models, such as the Gail model, the Tyrer-Cuzick model and/or the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BSCC) model, a combination of genetic risk factors can be used to increase risk arrangement. Risk arrangements with SNPs and other genetic alternates may also be useful to aid in other decisions for breast cancer prevention and screening. ForShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessolution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to le arn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PrenticeRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageseconomic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? What will be the effect of the rapid gyrations in markets that emphasize the difficulties that accounting practices face in determining true performance costs and that forecasting programs confront in establishing the economic determinants of corporate

Soul Music, Or Soul - 1237 Words

Soul music, or â€Å"Soul†,was adopted to describe African-American popular music as it evolved from the 1950s to the early 1970s. Although some people thought of â€Å"Soul† music as a new term for Rhythm and Blues, it was not. In fact, the â€Å"key ingredient in Soul music, and the element that defined it as a new style was the influence of gospel music.† (1)This style of music was a blend gospel music with the dance grooves of that era. However, Soul music during its heyday did more than simply entertain. During the 1950’s through the 1970 s, was also when the American Civil Rights Movement was coming to a head. Because of the that, it impacted the musical styles which reflected in the music and the culture of that era. So one would be correct in both assuming that the Civil Rights Movement helped to give rise to Soul music, as much Soul music contributed to the success of the campaign for civil rights. For a people in the African American community and for a people immersed in turmoil and tragedy, it served as a source of motivation, strength and education. The system of segregation had effectively inhibited the general populace’s awareness of the great achievements and contributions made by African-Americans throughout the history of the United States. In as much, the artists of Soul music sought to bring things that were normally left in darkness out and into the light for not only the nation but the world to see. â€Å"The first soul songs were created when gospel songs wereShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Soul Music1509 Words   |  7 PagesSoul is a music genre that over five decades or so remains very popular in the music industry. This may be due to the fact that soul has had a huge impact upon other genres. Shuker defines soul as a â€Å"secular version of gospel, soul was the major black musical form of the 1960s and 1970s and remained evident in various hybrid styles since, for example, contemporary neo-soul a nd soul jazz (312). The history of soul music is notable for producing a range of artists who have assisted African-AmericanRead MoreEssay on Soul Music1493 Words   |  6 PagesSoul Music Since the early to mid 1800’s, music has been the most powerful vehicle of human expression. As the embodiment of love, disapproval, happiness, pain and experience, mainly life, music speaks to us because it comes from us. Everyone in the, paradigm of the human experience instinctively and systematically change the music of the past to represent the realities of the present. In this century, African American music, more specifically Soul music, has been the music that has brought toRead MoreMusic For The Soul By James Baldwin957 Words   |  4 Pages Music for the Soul It is a common belief that the nurture aspect of our personal development has a lot to do with the way we see ourselves and the habits we form due to our past experiences. Unfortunately for Sonny, as well as for many other African Americans throughout history, even before the 1950’s, oppression had been a great burden to deal with on a day to day basis. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† the author James Baldwin provides us with a family whose lives revolve around this constant reminder thatRead MoreMusic and Memory: The Impression of the Soul1985 Words   |  8 PagesFranz Liszt once said Music embodies feeling without forcing it to contend and combine with thought, as it is forced in most arts and especially in the art of words. If music has one advantage over the other media through which a person can represent the impressions of the soul, it owes this to its supreme capacity to make each inner impulse audible without the assistance of reason. Reason, after all, is restricted in the diversity of its means and is capable only of confirming or describing ourRead MoreThe Power And Influence Of Gospel Music On The American Civil Rights Movement1594 Words   |  7 PagesGospel Music on the American Civil Rights Movement For centuries, Gospel music has influenced and promoted African-American social, moral and ethical values, playing an imperative role in modelling their past and future. Originating from the hardships of slavery and the strength of Christian worship, Gospel music has adapted to musical tastes through the development of a number of sub-genres, while retaining its moral and spiritual framework. Throughout its musical history, Gospel music has hadRead MoreEssay About Music1632 Words   |  7 Pagesdrenched in rain, and crowded outside of Brooklyn’s sealed-off â€Å"Baby’s All Right†. It was a rainy Saturday night and as soon as I arrived at the address I knew I was at the right place. â€Å"Baby’s All Right† is Williamsburg’s venue for underground and indie music, which also serves as a bar and restaurant; its stage and floor are situated at the back. I joined the crowd and waited patiently in the downpour and just as the rain started to pour e ven harder, they finally began to check tickets and let people funnelRead MoreCharacteristics Of Soul And Funk Guitar Style911 Words   |  4 Pagesmixed-race heritage. It is the origin of Soul music, which supplanted blues-based rb. With emerging of the soul music, traditional urban black popular music has a new trends and direction. And it eventually became a sociological and political significance in American popular culture. Funk is a musical mixture which fuse some different types styles of music to create a soulful and rhythmic sound. Dance-tempo rhythm and blues-style music are most popular form of funk music. It also be regarded as a ‘spiritualRead More The Birth of P-Funk: George Clinton842 Words   |  4 Pages In ancient African civilizations music took precedence in all activities that the tribes participated in. There was a song for every celebration, every birth, and every death. As Africans were enslaved and moved to North America by Europeans, many customs an d traditions followed with them. As their culture was stripped from them and European ideals were placed upon them, they kept song as their universal language and their link to the motherland. From early on, slave songs also known as â€Å"Negro Spirituals†Read MoreMusic Industry And Its Influence On Modern Society1034 Words   |  5 Pagesabundant variety of music genres, old and new. Music has a versatile role in modern society. Music serves just as many purposes as it possesses in genres. For listeners, music is not simply an escape or form of entertainment; it is a source of inspiration and self-expression. Sometimes, this can be problematic and lead to false identities and music miscegenation. The music industry has had a powerful influence on what listeners consume. In this process, traditional black music genres have crossedRead MoreAnalysis Of Bonnie Anderson s What You See You Want With Me 711 Words   |  3 PagesWriter: Jessica Morris Category: Interview Title: Bonnie Anderson: ‘What you see is what you get with me’ Body: Dropping her single, â€Å"Unbroken† on Friday, 19 year old Bonnie Anderson has firmly placed her stake in the Australian music industry. With her powerhouse voice and a stage presence that puts people double her age to shame, the song is a pop infused sure-fire hit for the Sony artist. â€Å"It s definitely†¦ very anthemic.† Anderson shares with PPcorn. â€Å"It s kind of about forgetting what s

The Universal Health Care System - 1712 Words

Every country vision is to have a universal health care system. A system that is not necessary â€Å"free† but a system where everyone has equal opportunity to get the best health care being offered without any partiality. Canada successfully implemented the universal health care to its citizens, but it is not perfect in any sense. Individuals’ citizens are provided with preventive care and medical treatment from primary care physicians as well as access to hospitals. There are still many services that are not covered or partially covered (Canadian Health Care, 2014-2017). Prescription medication, physiotherapy, ambulance services, prescription eyeglasses as well as dental care are some of the services that are not covered under the health care system (Canada’s universal health-care system, 2015)). Some Provinces may provide partial coverage for mental health patients, children living in poverty as well as old people. With the implementation of the Affordable Car e Act in 2012, we can now say that the U.S. is on the road to hopefully having a universal health care system or a system that covered most residents. The Affordable care act can be considered to be the most significant overhaul of the health care industry in decades since the defeat of the Clinton Health Security Act of 1993(Sultz and Young, 2013). According to Sultz and Young, the ACA highlights 4 major goals. These are providing new consumer protections, improving quality and lowering costs, increasing access toShow MoreRelatedA Universal Health Care System1494 Words   |  6 PagesA universal health care system All Americans should have access to healthcare despite their ability to pay. Americans should have access to healthcare because no American should go in debt in order to be seen by a Doctor. Any American that doesn’t have health insurance because they cannot afford private health insurance should have an option for a government ran insurance system. After the age of twenty-two I was no longer able to be on my mother’s health insurance and because I was notRead MoreUniversal Health Care System Of Universal Healthcare2156 Words   |  9 Pagespracticing a system of universal health care have access to the health services they require, which, consequently, leads to overall healthier populations. Such health services include, amongst other things, prevention promotion, treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care.(who.org) These services are provided without the risk of monetary adversity or destitution for those who use them. Ease of access to health facilities and care in turn leads to healthier people. Universal health care systems bringRead MoreUniversal Health Care System Of Massachusetts Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesUniversal health care coverage is a dream that the majority of Americans have had for many decades. It seemed that the dream could become a reality with a major effort under the Clinton administratio n in the mid 1990’s. This effort was spearheaded by the First Lady, Hillary Clinton, and would have established a universal health care system for the entire nation. Unfortunately, after years of work, the effort ended in failure due to trying to modernize and finance universal health care at the sameRead MoreAnalysis Of The Universal Health Care System1688 Words   |  7 PagesCanadas publicly-funded universal health care system is a direct representation of Canadas fundamental values of equality (What are Canadian Values?, 2017). However, of all high-income countries that have implemented a universal health care program (Lopert, 2017), Canada is the only country that has yet to include prescription drugs within their universal health coverage plan (Martin, 2017, p. 90). Provinces are now demanding a public insurance plan for prescription medications, but pharmaceuticalRead MoreThe Importance Of A Universal Health Care System2128 Words   |  9 Pagesimportance of a univer sal health care system, the United States are lacking in accommodating their citizens with services that many counties see as a public good or even a human right. For years, American’s have been under pressure to search for health care insurance without the guarantee of coverage (SOURCE MICHEAL MOORE). Health care seems to be on on going topic in American politics and it has its reasons (SOURCE SPRINGER LINK). As of recently, many Americans did not have access to health care withoutRead MoreUniversal Health Care Is A Government Run System1577 Words   |  7 PagesUniversal health care, also known as universal health coverage, is a specific type of health care where everyone is provided coverage regardless of his or her income, race, age, pre-existing conditions, gender, or wealth. In other words, as long as one is a legal resident of the region that is being covered, he or she is eligible for universal health care. The purpose of universal health care is to provide all citizens with an opportunity to obtain the health care that they may need without havingRead MoreBill Clinton Proposed A Program Of A System Of Universal Health Care Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagesto be added to the Constitution, it would declare that everyone has a right to have access to healthcare and not be denied due to income or any health condition that they may have previously been diagnosed with. â€Å"In 1993, President Bill Clinton proposed a program of sweeping health-care reforms and suggested the creation of a system of universal health-care coverage for all people living in the United States of America† (William J. Clinton). This proposal was never approved and still today many peopleRead MoreUnited States Government Should Implement A Single Payer Universal Health Care System1635 Words   |  7 Pages for the flourishing of health among its citizens, is inherently flawed. A country like the U.S is no exc eption to this assertion. The United States government should implement a single payer universal health care system. The Modern U.S health care is allowing its citizens to rack up vast amounts of medical debt, in addition, large amounts of its population to remain uninsured. The U.S lags behind an idea, which, many other countries have accepted and that is health care is a human right. A plethoraRead MoreUniversal Health Care : Universal Healthcare1615 Words   |  7 Pages Universal Healthcare in the USA The campaign for some form of universal health care has spanned practically a century in the USA and has been the subject of political debate since the early part of the 20th century. Recent reforms remain an active and urgent political issue. Universal Health Care has been one of the leading public issues in America and in recent times this issue has risen to theRead MoreUniversal Health Care : Universal Healthcare1740 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Universal health care, sometimes referred to as universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care, usually refers to a health care system which provides health care and financial protection to all citizens of a particular country. It is organized around providing a specified package of benefits to all members of a society with the end goal of providing financial risk protection, improved access to health services, and improved health outcomes. Universal health care is not a

Marketing Techniques Of Direct Marketing Essay - 1144 Words

Introduction Direct marketing is the business of selling products or services directly to the public, e.g., by mail order or telephone selling, rather than through retailers. Nowadays, with the increase in popularity of social media and email usage, there has been a rise in direct marketing. Targeting customers through their personal or business emails and emailing them newsletters, promotions and other similar marketing techniques used on social media, are all leading examples of direct marketing. In case of direct marketing, customer response should be calculable and it is often much easier to measure responses from direct marketing than other marketing techniques. The business should be able to determine how many customers took advantage of the promotions and how successful the campaign was. The most important features of direct marketing are: †¢ Business requires a database of customers’ names, with certain other related information such as their contact number/address, demographic information, and purchase habits. †¢ Marketing communications are targeted directly to this list of customers mostly by following techniques of email, social media messaging and cell phone messaging. †¢ Direct marketing initiate specific call to action. For example, an advertisement may ask its user to click on a link to a website. A 2010 study by the Direct Marketing Association reports that in 2010, marketers -- commercial and non-profit spent $153.3 billion on direct marketing, whichShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Clothing Market For Saudi Arabia Vs. The United States.1382 Words   |  6 PagesWhen looking at the clothing market for Saudi Arabia versus the United States, it is important to discuss how and what marketing techniques are used in each country. The main goal of any company, particularly a clothing company, is to increase demand for the product and to in turn increase the company’s sales and make more money. Company’s achieve this by the promotion techniques in which they market. Therefore, a clothing company is going to choose the promotion that adequately represents and appealsRead MoreRunning Head: Ambush Marketing Case Study1020 Words   |  5 PagesAMBUSH MARKETING CASE STUDY 1 AMBUSH MARKETING CASE STUDY 4 Ambush Marketing Case Study Hieu Le Columbia Southern University Ambush Marketing Case Study In the Successfully leveraging high-profile events to raise brand profile, Datamonitor (2010) demonstrate the identity of Ambush Marketing, which reflects that Bavaria Beer implemented this marketing tacticsRead MoreTaking a Look at Marketing Strategies1005 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsive chord with customers when distinction across other tools of marketing mix is difficult to achieve. Good and popular advertising campaigns can sometimes be influenced into successful integrated marketing communication programs. The way and purpose of advertising may differ from one company to other depending upon the situations. Targets of an companies advertising efforts will differ, as advertising role and function in the marketing program. One advertisement want to develop positive image or awarenessRead MoreA Brief Report On Marketing Mix1079 Words   |  5 Pagesreport is to introduce the new ride to Dreamworld. This report will provide a detailed analysis of Dreamworld’s current mark eting mix and additionally provide recommended strategies to best promote the new ride. DREAMWORLD MARKETING MIX A marketing mix consists of Product, Place, Price and Promotion. It is fundamental to understand these four elements for developing an effective marketing strategy. Product Dreamworld offers a wide range of products and services to customers. Several services DreamworldRead MoreThe Healthcare Industry1578 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as marketing. However, some suggest that pricing strategy, product strategy, and division and targeting were the tasks that require the most knowledge for healthcare marketers, and that they do observe numerous breaches in many areas examined (Kennett et al., 2005). Easier access to medical information on the Internet means your healthcare business must do more than just provide services or products towards health issues. There must be a need to employ a diversity of marketing techniques to helpRead MoreDr Pepper Snapple Group Marketing Plan1494 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Dave A Johnson Marketing 450 Marketing Decision Making Process Dr Pepper Snapple Group Marketing Plan Professor: Richard Farrell August3, 2014 Dr Pepper Snapple Group Marketing Plan Introduction Generally, many new products fail after their introduction in the market (Bamford, 2010). There are many reasons that can be attributedRead MoreQuestions On The Marketing Strategy1246 Words   |  5 PagesProject MKTG 205 – Principles of Marketing 9/3/16 Abstract This paper will discuss certain aspects of Apple IPhone. It will also talk about the promotional decisions based on the marketing strategies. â€Æ' Marketing Introduction This paper will discuss certain aspects of Apple IPhone. We will also talk about the promotional decisions based on the marketing strategies. We will specially discuss; definition of marketing, introduction of product, situation analysis, marketing strategy, pricing strategyRead MoreCurrent Health Care Marketing Techniques and Trends821 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Current Health Care Marketing Techniques and Trends Current Health Care Marketing Techniques and Trends: In past few decades, the nature of marketing in the health care industry has changed significantly because of the recent developments that have contributed to the need to develop innovative marketing techniques and trends. These developments witnessed the adoption of marketing techniques from other industries and the creation of marketing approaches that are healthcare-specific. Some of theRead MoreStrategic Integration Of Marketing Communication1166 Words   |  5 Pagesimportance of intensive marketing communication to convince target customers of the benefits of desired purchase actions, so as to boost sales. Advertisement is no longer enough for this purpose. Firms now strive for a strategic integration of diverse promotional tools and techniques to strengthen the communication impact, giving rise to the concept of integrated marketing communication (IMC) and the communication mix in the marketing field. This essay focuses merely on interactive marketing, a rising elementRead M oreAvon Case Study : Avon Case Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess, Avon has recently switched its marketing strategy to transform its image and enhance its marketing approaches. The company has combined national responsiveness with globally standardized marketing initiatives to push into foreign markets and increase its global operations. The firm focuses on standardized products with global brand and conveys its successful practices and organizational learning from one country to the next. Marketing Orientations Marketing orientation can be defined as a strategy

American Red Cross- Basic History/Overview Free Essays

Basic History/Overview: The American Red Cross is a non-profit organization supported solely off of financial donations and volunteers (community). Red Cross mission is to â€Å"provide relief to victims to victims of disasters and help people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies. Red Cross was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton. We will write a custom essay sample on American Red Cross- Basic History/Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now Who was inspired by the Red Cross during the Prussian War. She first implemented what she had experience over in Europe in the U. S. during the Spanish American War in the 1898. The Red Cross joins more than 175 other national societies in providing aid to those in need across the world. The American Red Cross follows seven bylaws: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universalities. Today the Red Cross have over a half million volunteers and 35,000 employees. The President of United States is the honorary chairman of the Red Cross and appoints the eight governs. In recent history American Red Cross had had its share of troubles which stated at the top of the executive tree and has seen several top resignations in the last decade. Ethical Issues/Key Facts: Red Cross main issues were around mismanagement of funds and donations to the Red Cross. †¢ In 2001 the American Red Cross ousted Elizabeth Dole, due to the fact of slow responses to 9-11 attacks. This started the Era of host of top executive failures and the doors kept revolving every few years with new presidents. Resignations varied anywhere from slow responses to mismanagement, lack of communication to misconduct with financial funds. †¢ After 9-11 the Red Cross had established a fund for those impacted by the incident. Red Cross received over $500 million dollars in pledges but only contributed a 1/3 of those funds to the 9-11 relief efforts. This sparked an ethical issue with ARC as far as monetary donation mismanagement. †¢ Hurricane Katrina sparked another issue for ARC. Again had ARC received over $2 billion dollars in donations and the public scrutinize as what was done with that money. These responses were the outcome of fraudulent and inefficient decisions. †¢ Red Cross downfalls continuously tend to be around monetary donations and the management of those funds. Questions: 1. I think the biggest problem are those at the top and how they are giving severance upon getting fired or resigning due to fraudulent activities of mismanagement of funds. This sends out a message to employees that it’s ok if you at the top of the chain and take money from us (ARC) we will still compensate you at the end. ARC needs to regain it trust in the community and communicate with the public as to how funds are distributed and the manner they are distributed in. 2. Some of the problems that ARC encountered with handling donations was that the monies that were donated where not allocated according to that particular disaster. Initially triggering this was 9-11, the public was outraged. The ARC would create funds, for example the Liberty fund for 9-11, however only gave one-third of it to relief efforts. People gave these donations with intentions that ARC would use the monies for the victims and their families. Another issues was the slow response time with Hurricane Katrina and it’s relief fund. . The ARC has many issues as listed in the case from executive compensation, employee misconduct, considering all stakeholders and slow response time. But I think the overall reasoning is once again at the top with poor decision making, improper leadership skills and inadequate use of donations. And I think in order for ARC to avoid these issues they need to â€Å"clean house† and train corporate managers and volunteers, not to mention dev elop a process for better communication through out organization in time of disaster needs. . I think that organizational structure has a great effect on ARC ethical issues, because it goes hand and hand with compensation and communication. I think the ARC can be revamped organizationally from the top to the bottom and this would eliminate the biggest ethical issue ARC has, which is mismanagement of donations. I also think that ARC has more Chiefs then Indians. Meaning that ARC has to many people at the top, with little leadership skills and poor business tactics. How to cite American Red Cross- Basic History/Overview, Papers

Law On Electronic Commerce Guide Enactment -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Law On Electronic Commerce Guide Enactment? Answer: Introducation Issues related to postal rule are considered as controversial part of the contract law, as it includes the question related to the time and type of contract formation. There is requirement of remote communications when parties to the contract are not available for discussing every fact related to the transaction, otherwise it impose various questions related to the offer and acceptance of the contract. This rule is introduced for the purpose of solving the struggles and glitches in the communication of contract and acceptance. This section of the paper discusses the meaning and history of the postal rule[1]. Meaning- offer and acceptance are considered as two important elements of the law of contract and these two elements consider the presence and processes of the contract between the parties. Postal rule is considered as immunity to the basic rules of offer and acceptance. Generally, business-law acceptance rules stated that it is possible to revoke or withdraw the offer any time before it is accepted by other party. Postal rule is introduced by the party to resolve the problems occurred between the parties. These particular issues are raised by the different modes of communication. Usually, post or mail is mentioned as snail mail" because it take more time to reach to recipient. This may result in issues in context of both formation and revocation of contract between the parties. Offerors are not able to known about the acceptance and revocation In general mode of communication, it is deemed that acceptance is received when it is given to the offeror by the offeree, even though such acceptance not even read by the offeror. In case of post, special rule is applied which state that in case of post acceptance occurred when offeree post the letter. This can be understood through case law Bressan v Squires, Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] 2 NSWLR 460[2]. In this case, Court held that contract was not formed until acceptance related to the contract is actually communicated to the offeree, but postal rule was an exception to this general rule which states that acceptance was communicated when letter was posted by the offeror[3]. Creation of postal rule- this rule was introduced in case law Adam v Lindsell [1818] B Ald 681[4]. In this case, court held the contract creation time through mail. In this case, two parties communicated the facts of the case through the post because of which, it was not possible to determine the precise time of the acceptance. In this mail send by the parties last for insufficient days and both the parties does not had knowledge about the communication. This issue creates number of problems and result in the introduction of postal rule. There was one more case Henthorn v Fraser [1892] [5]in which Court discusses the postal rule. After discussing the facts of both the cases, it can be said that when situations are of such nature that it must have been within the inspection of the parties, post can used as means of communication for the purpose of accepting the offer directed by the offeror, and in this context accounting is completed as letter is posted. In the situation when parties made deal face to face, business parties discuss every fact and communicate whenever any issue arises. However, in the situation of distant contracting or indirect business, method of communication which is instantaneous in nature is not available. In this type of situation parties to the business are not aware of the acceptance or refusal of the contract, this rule of post is used by the Court to resolve the problematic cases related to delay of communication. On the basis of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's Model Law on Electronic Commerce (UNCITRAL), the Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth) was initiated on March 15th 2000, and this Act was considered as part of the strategic policy framed by the government of Australia for the purpose of developing information economic. Government of Australia established the Electronic Commerce Expert Group for the purpose of reporting the issues related to ecommerce adopted UNCITRAL for dealing with the issues in B2B business. In this context, UNCITRAL gives the surety that people get the advantage from the growth of new information technology (IT)[6]. As per the report published by the Attorney Generals E-Commerce Expert Group during the period of April 1998, the country of the offeror operating the business will regulate the contract in case acceptance related to the contract arises at the offerors place of business, unless agreed by the parties. Government created the Electronic Transactions Act 2000[7] for the purpose of responding to the report. As per this Act, communication in electronic form paralleled to the individual to whom information is needed to be given, which consent related to the information must be given through electronic communication only. Time of receipt in context of electronic communication is considered as time when such communication enters in the information system. This statement reflected the role of the postal rule application in contracts formed through mail and such mail are not received by the offeror until offeror operated the system. It must be noted that, provisions of this Act does not applied in case of telex machines or facsimile. It can be said that, both the Act provide new way to the postal rule application. Once communication exists, then it is possible to use the postal rules for solving the issues in distant business. Various times postal rule have been developed and amended for the purpose of meeting the demand of present business environment[8]. The main purpose of Commonwealths Electronic Transaction Act 1999[9] is to provide facility in context of electronic transactions, as it also validates the digital or electronic versions of signatures, and electronic communications in case hard copies are required[10]. In regards of E-mail there are two ways of communication. First way of communication is through the internet. In this press button is press by the user for the purpose of transmitting the E-mail to the internet server provider (ISP). With the help of ISP, E-mail travels by way of internet where it may send on across the world until it reaches the receivers ISP. Then the receiver is able to download the e-mail by logging onto his ISP[11]. Second way of communication is the electronic data interchange (EDI). EDI is considered as system which creates direct link between two parties and because of this email send by one party immediately reaches the computer of receivers. It must be noted that this direct link between the parties, makes the communication instantaneous. However, internet takes time to send the information and cannot be classified as instantaneous. With the changing business environment Court needs to decide whether scope of postal rule extend to the modern developments in communication named as instantaneous communication. With the progression of economics methods, dispatch and receipt of any message needs to coincide and any law that dealt with the delay of message between the two parties such as postal rule considered as useless or outdated law. There are number of reasons which deal with the discussion in context of applicability of postal rule and reason of not applying the postal rule on E-mail communication through the internet. The basis reason behind this is the type of communication. It is already stated above that E-mail through internet is a non-instantaneous type of communication and stated as the digital equivalent of the postal system. However, there is exception to this rule that speed of the communication is equal to the instantaneous communication systems such as telex[12]. In case experts concluded that E-mail is an instantaneous method of communication, then in such case postal rule is not applied to the acceptances transmitted by E-mail. However, argument is also stated for the purpose of supporting the application of postal rule in context of E-mail, and such argument is that offeree in the contract must not be responsible for any fault which might be occur after the transmission of the communication of acceptance. The idea behind this argument is that generally offeree lost control on the communication of acceptance and he done all the possible action for transmitting the acceptance to the offeror. This argument mainly held the offeror liable for any fault and in this assumption is taken that oferor bear all the risk related to problems which might be occurred after the transmission of E-mail by the offeree. However, in lieu of functionality provided by available e-mail systems this argument is not convincing in nature because it is possible for of feree to check the progress of E-mail sent by offeree and even offeree can also detect the time when such E-mail is actually opened by the Offeree[13]. It can be said that offeree retains the control over the acceptance till the time such acceptance is read by the offeror. This shift in the balance of power state the majority of policy considerations which have been justify the application of postal acceptance rule. This fact is also considered that offeree can make telephone call to make confirmation that the e-mail acceptance message has been received by the offeror. Therefore, it is possible for offeree to determine whether binding contract is made and he or she can also state their fats accordingly. The success of commercial transactions which are generally conducted over the internet shows that contracting parties does not need a rule of postal acceptance for addressing any delays in communication of E-mail. In recent decision, court showed their dissent for applying the postal acceptance rule to modern communication especially in case of instantaneous methods of communication. This ruling is mainly reflected by Hedigan J of the Supreme Court of Victoria in case law Nunin Holdings v Tullamarine Estates. In this Hedigan J stated, recent authority discuss the more modern methods of communication, and prefer not to apply the postal rule of acceptance in strict manner, and consider the intention of parties while applying the general rule of acceptance that is for being effective acceptance to the contract must be communicated. Therefore, it is concluded by the Court in context of general rule of acceptance, that acceptance which is sent by the E-mail must not be effective till the time such acceptance is communicated to the offeror. The concept of instantaneousness communication can be understood through case law Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 QB 327 [14]and Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandels GmbH [1983] 2 AC 34[15]. These cases state that postal rule will not be applied on E-mails because they are instantaneousness mode of communication. References ACL, management, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-agreement.html#acceptance, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. ACL, Bressan v Squires, Supreme Court of New South Wales [1974] 2 NSWLR 460, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/bressan.html, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. Adam v Lindsell [1818] B Ald 681. Sharon Christensen, Formation of Contracts by Email Is it Just the Same as the Post?, https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwi-jcXj2O_YAhUETI8KHeDAAuMQFgg6MAMurl=https%3A%2F%2Flr.law.qut.edu.au%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F58%2F57%2Fus=AOvVaw2cYLw3y4nEzp9LV9mzsi9D, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. Shanti Rubens, The Electronic Transactions Acts in Practice, (2002), https://www.tved.net.au/index.cfm?SimpleDisplay=PaperDisplay.cfmPaperDisplay=https://www.tved.net.au/PublicPapers/March_2002,_Lawyers_Education_Channel,_The_Electronic_Transactions_Acts_in_Practice.html, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. UNCITRAL, UNCITRAL Model Law on economics Commerce Guide to Enactment with 1996, (1996), https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-89450_Ebook.pdf, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. Austlii, Hill, Simone W. B --- "Email Contracts - When is the Contract Formed?" [2001] JlLawInfoSci 4; (2001) 12(1) Journal of Law, Information and Science 46, (2001), https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JlLawInfoSci/2001/4.html#Heading39, Accessed on 23rd January 2018. Kathryn Shea Kylie Skeahen, Acceptance of Offers by E-Mail - How Far Should the Postal Acceptance Rule Extend?, (1997), https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=16cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjstoKg3O_YAhUJSY8KHUaSDs0QFghuMA8url=https%3A%2F%2Flr.law.qut.edu.au%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F446%2F433usg=AOvVaw0yDnTQmqzSi7vCyV1OEOG1, Accessed on 23rd January 2018